Resistencia antimicrobiana de Porphyromonas gingivalis periodontopatógena en una población uruguaya / Antimicrobial resistance of periodontopathogenic Porphyromonas gingivalis in a Uruguayan population

La periodontitis afecta en Uruguay a más de 340 mil individuos. Para optimizar su tratamiento además del mantenimiento profesional de la salud periodontal, del control de placa por el paciente, y del control de otros factores de riesgo como las enfermedades sistémicas, estrés, hábito tabáquico y susceptibilidad genética, se administran frecuentemente antibióticos como coadyuvantes. Entre los periodontopatógenos más prevalentes Porphyromonas gingivalis es el más estudiado a nivel molecular, pero se encontró poca información para la región acerca de su sensibilidad a los antibióticos. Dado el compromiso etiológico en la enfermedad periodontal de Porphyromonas gingivalis, es relevante la determinación de su resistencia antimicrobiana in vitro para un tratamiento racional considerando la temporalidad de los resultados. Objetivo general: Contribuir al conocimiento de la infección por Porphyromonas gingivalis y al uso racional de antibióticos en el tratamiento de la periodontitis. Objetivos específicos: caracterizar la población estudiada según factores de riesgo modificables y no modificables para periodontitis, cultivar e identificar Porphyromonas gingivalis de la bolsa periodontal de la población, determinar la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) a los antibióticos y la producción de betalactamasa, analizar las concentraciones en el fluido gingival y su relación con la CIM, establecer la relación riesgo -beneficio- costo de los diferentes tratamientos antibióticos. Métodos: se realizó la toma de muestras de la microbiota del surco gingival a los pacientes que reunieron los criterios de inclusión y firmaron consentimiento informado.Las muestras se incubaron en diferentes medios microbiológicos específicos, para identificar el microorganismo diana, determinar su sensibilidad a la amoxicilina, asociación amoxicilina ­ ácido clavulánico, metronidazol, tetraciclina, clindamicina, ciprofoxacina y moxifloxacina. Resultados: de un total de 29 pacientes en un rango de 23 a 78 años y con bolsas periodontales iguales o mayores a 4 mm, se obtuvieron 12 aislamientos de Porphyromonas gingivalis. Estos aislamientos se realizaron en pacientes que tenían bolsas periodontales con una profundidad mayor a 4 mm, con una edad comprendida entre 41 a 70 años. Si bien el 48% de la población era fumadora, sólo el 29% presentó aislamientos. Todos los pacientes diabéticos presentaron Porphyromonas gingivalis. Los 12 aislamientos fueron betalactamasa positivos y por lo tanto resistentes a las penicilinas G y V, aminopenicilinas, amoxipenicilinas, ureidopenicilinas y carboxipenicilinas. El rango de CIM fue: amoxicilina de 8-16 mg.L-1, asociación amoxicilina ­ ácido clavulánico 0.25/0.125-1/0.5 mg.L-1, metronidazol de 0,25- 1 mg.L-1, tetraciclina 0.25-0.5 mg.L-1, clindamicina 0.25-0.5 mg.L-1, ciprofloxacina de 1-2 mg.L-1y moxifloxacina 0.064-0.25 mg.L-1. El parámetro farmacocinética/farmacodinamia (PK/PD) en el fluido gingival indica actividades antimicrobianas insuficientes para amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico y satisfactoria para el resto de los antibióticos a los que la bacteria es sensible in vitro. En orden decreciente, la mejor relación riesgo-beneficio-costo fue para el metronidazol seguido de clindamicina, la moxifloxacina y la tetraciclina. Conclusiones: el metronidazol y clindamicina podrían ser los más beneficiosos como coadyuvantes para la disminución de la carga del periodonto patógeno en el fluido crevicular. En segundo lugar podrían usarse tetraciclina y moxifloxacina debido a su menor seguridad.Este es el primer estudio nacional que aporta datos sobre proporción de Porphyromonas gingivalis en periodontitis por método de cultivo, de su sensibilidad in vitro a los antimicrobianos y de la actividad antimicrobiana de estos últimos en el fluido crevicular.

Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#Studies have indicated that periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection may contributed to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammation, oxidative stress and the mechanism on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice with P. gingivalis infection.@*METHODS@#Eight-week-old male ApoE-/- mice (C57BL/6) were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions and fed regular chow and sterile water after 1 weeks of housing. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: (a) ApoE-/- + PBS (n=8); (b) ApoE-/- + P.gingivalis strain FDC381 (n=8). Both of the groups received intravenous injections 3 times per week for 4 weeks since 8 weeks of age. The sham control group received injections with phosphate buffered saline only, while the P. gingivalis-challenged group with P.gingivalis strain FDC381at the same time. After 4 weeks, oxidative stress mediators and inflammation cytokines were analyzed by oil red O in heart, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot in aorta.@*RESULTS@#In our study, we found accelerated development of atherosclerosis and plaque formation in aorta with oil red O staining, increased oxidative stress markers [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2 and NOX-4], as well as increased inflammation cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in the serum and aorta of the P. gingivalis-infected ApoE-/- mice. Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase protein level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in aorta after P. gingivalis infection.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our results suggest that chronic intravenous infection of P. gingivalis in ApoE-/- mice could accelerate the development of atherosclerosis by disturbing the lipid profile and inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The NF-κB signaling pathway might play a potential role in the P. gingivalis-accelerated atherogenesis.

Oral human cytomegalovirus prevalence and its relationships with periodontitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to clarify the association between oral human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and periodontitis in Japanese adults. Methodology In total, 190 patients (75 men and 115 women; mean age, 70.2 years) who visited Hiroshima University Hospital between March 2018 and May 2020 were included. Oral rinse samples were taken to examine the presence of HCMV DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). P. gingivalis was detected by semi-quantitative PCR analysis. Results HCMV DNA was present in nine of 190 patients (4.7%). There were significant associations between HCMV presence and the presence of ≥4-mm-deep periodontal pockets with bleeding on probing (BOP) (P<0.01) and ≥6-mm-deep periodontal pockets with BOP (P=0.01). However, no significant relationship was observed between HCMV presence and periodontal epithelial surface area scores. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of ≥4-mm-deep periodontal pockets with BOP was significantly associated with HCMV (odds ratio, 14.4; P=0.01). Propensity score matching was performed between patients presenting ≥4-mm-deep periodontal pockets with BOP (i.e., active periodontitis) and patients without ≥4-mm-deep periodontal pockets with BOP; 62 matched pairs were generated. Patients who had ≥4-mm-deep periodontal pockets with BOP showed a higher rate of HCMV presence (9.7%) than those who lacked ≥4-mm-deep periodontal pockets with BOP (0.0%). There was a significant relationship between HCMV presence and ≥4-mm-deep periodontal pockets with BOP (P=0.03). A significant relationship was found between HCMV/P. gingivalis DNA presence and ≥4-mm-deep periodontal pockets with BOP (P=0.03). Conclusions Coinfection of oral HCMV and P. gingivalis was significantly associated with active periodontitis. Moreover, interactions between oral HCMV and P. gingivalis may be related to the severity of periodontal disease.

Porphyromonas gingivalis and its impact on periodontal health and systemic diseases: a concise review

Periodontitis is defined as a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease, associated to a dys-biotic biofilm and characterized by the progressive destruction of the periodontal attachment. Clinical studies have revealed the presence of 10 to 15 bacterial species that are potential periodontal pathogens in adults. From these, the most cited are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia. The aim of this article is to review P. gingivalis' characteristics and impact on periodontal and systemic health. Different studies have reported a relation between the presence of P. gingivalis and periodontal disea-se. P. gingivalis was one of the most frequently detected species in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. This is due to its unique ability to avoid the host's immune response and con-tribute to the development of the destructive process. P. gingivalis, although only present in low frequency, is pathogenic because of its ability to induce dysbiotic microbial communities. There is more evidence that P. gingivalis might invade cardiovascular cells and tissues causing inflammation. It has been suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the deve-lopment of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. The repeated exposure to P. gingiva-lis, produces neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and formation of intra and extracellular amyloid plaques, which are pathognomonic signs of Alzheimer's disease

Prevalencia de Prevotella spp y Porphyromona spp en periodontitis crónica / Prevalence of Prevotella spp and Porphyromona spp in chronic periodontitis

Las enfermedades del periodonto tienen una etiopatogenia compleja y puede considerarse multifactorial. El factor etiológico esencial en la patología inflamatoria periodontal es la biopelícula dental y cuando el desequilibrio entre el huésped y los microorganismos cambia la complejidad de la flora. Ciertas bacterias como Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella loescheii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerrella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens y Treponema spp., han sido comúnmente relacionadas con la periodontitis crónica y son consideradas como indicadores de riesgo para la progresión de dicha enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la prevalencia de Prevotella spp y Porphyromona spp en los distintos estadios de periodontitis crónicas. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 48 pacientes sistémicamente saludables con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica. Se completó el consentimiento informado, se realizó historia clínica y examen periodontal. El estado periodontal se clasificó en distintos grados de severidad: leve, moderada y severa. Se tomaron muestras de dos sitios con mayor profundidad de sondaje con conos de papel absorbente estériles y se transportaron en un medio prerreducido. Para el aislamiento de Prevotella spp se utilizó agar Brucella más sangre ovina al 5%, hemina, vitamina K al que se agregaron vancomicina y kanamicina; Porphyromonas sp se aisló en el mismo medio con el agregado de bacitracina y colistina. Se sembraron 10 µl de muestra entera y las placas fueron incubadas en jarras de anaerobiosis por 5 a 7 días a 37ºC. Resultados: los distintos grados de periodontitis correspondieron a un 17% periodontits leve, 57% moderada y 26% severa. En el total de pacientes se determinó la presencia de Prevotella spp en el 54% de los casos y un 12,5% de Porphyromona spp. Conclusión: De los pacientes estudiados con periodontits crónica, un 52% correspondió al sexo masculino, un 57% de los casos correspondieron a periodontitis moderada. Se aisló Prevotella sp en todos los estadios de periodontitis crónica y Porphyromonas sp sólo en periodontitis severas (AU)

Periodontal diseases have a complex etiopathogenesis and can be considered multifactorial. The essential etiological factor in periodontal inflammatory pathology is the dental biofilm and when the imbalance between the host and the microorganisms changes the complexity of the flora. Certain bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella loescheii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerrella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens and Treponema spp., Have been commonly related to chronic periodontitis and are considered as risk indicators for the progression of said disease. The objective of this work was to establish the prevalence of Prevotella spp and Porphyromonas spp in the different stages of chronic periodontitis. Forty eight systemically healthy patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were studied. Informed consent was completed, a medical history and periodontal examination was carried out. The periodontal state was classified into different degrees of severity: mild, moderate and severe. Samples were taken from two sites with greater depth of probing with sterile absorbent paper cones and transported in a prereduced medium. For the isolation of Prevotella spp, Brucella agar plus 5% sheep blood, hemin, vitamin K to which vancomycin and kanamycin were added. For Porphyromonas spp, the same medium was used and bacitracin and colistin were added. 10 �l of the whole sample was seeded and the plates were incubated in anaerobic jars for 5 to 7 days at 37 ° C. Different degrees of periodontitis corresponded to 17% mild periodontitis, 57% moderate and 26% severe. In the total number of patients, the presence of Prevotella spp was determined in 54% of the cases and 12.5% of Porphyromona spp. Of the patients studied with chronic periodontitis, 52% corresponded to the male sex, 57% of the cases corresponded to moderate periodontitis. Prevotella spp was isolated in all stages of chronic periodontitis and Porphyromonas sp only in severe periodontitis (AU)

Promotion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to viral disease / 华西口腔医学杂志

Chronic periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases in humans, the main recognized pathogenic bac-terium of which is the Porphyromonas gingivalis. Various types of viruses have been detected in periodontal disease in situ, and the joint action of viral and bacterial pathogens infection mechanism are complicated. Porphyromonas gingivalis has the characteristics resulting from the interaction with a variety of bacterium viruses, which may be the reason for chronic perio-dontitis being a protracted disease associated with a variety of systemic diseases. In this paper, we reviewed the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and viral diseases to provide a new idea for the treatment of patients with periodontal disease and viral infections.

Porphyromonas gingivalis Fim-A genotype distribution among Colombians / Distribución del genotipo Fim-A de Porphyromonas gingivalis entre la población colombiana

Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with periodontitis and exhibit a wide array of virulence factors, including fimbriae which is encoded by the FimA gene representing six known genotypes. Objetive: To identify FimA genotypes of P. gingivalis in subjects from Cali-Colombia, including the co-infection with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Methods: Subgingival samples were collected from 151 people exhibiting diverse periodontal condition. The occurrence of P. gingivalis, FimA genotypes and other bacteria was determined by PCR. Results: Porphyromonas gingivalis was positive in 85 patients. Genotype FimA II was more prevalent without reach significant differences among study groups (54.3%), FimA IV was also prevalent in gingivitis (13.0%). A high correlation (p= 0.000) was found among P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia co-infection. The FimA II genotype correlated with concomitant detection of T. denticola and T. forsythia. Conclusions: Porphyromonas gingivalis was high even in the healthy group at the study population. A trend toward a greater frequency of FimA II genotype in patients with moderate and severe periodontitis was determined. The FimA II genotype was also associated with increased pocket depth, greater loss of attachment level, and patients co-infected with T. denticola and T. forsythia.

Introducción: Porphyromonas gingivalis es una bacteria asociada con la periodontitis. Expresa una amplia gama de factores de virulencia, incluyendo las fimbrias, las cuales están codificadas por el gen FimA que representa seis genotipos conocidos. Objetivo: Identificar los genotipos de FimA de P. gingivalis en pacientes de Cali - Colombia, incluyendo la co -infección con Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola y Tannerella forsythia. Métodos: Se obtuvieron muestras subgingivales de 151 individuos con diferentes diagnósticos periodontales. La ocurrencia de P. gingivalis, los genotipos de FimA y otras bacterias se determinó por PCR. Resultados: Porphyromonas gingivalis fue positiva en 85 pacientes. El genotipo FimA II fue más prevalente, pero no hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos de estudio (54.3%), FimA IV fue el más frecuente en la gingivitis (13.0%). Una alta correlación (p= 0.000) se encontró entre P. gingivalis , T. denticola y T. forsythia. El genotipo FimA II estuvo correlacionado con la detección de T. denticola y T. forsythia. Conclusiones: Porphyromonas gingivalis tuvo una alta frecuencia incluso en el grupo de individuos sanos. Se encontró una tendencia hacia una mayor frecuencia de FimA II en pacientes con periodontitis moderada y severa. El genotipo FimA II también se asoció con una mayor profundidad de la bolsa, una mayor pérdida de nivel de inserción, y con los pacientes en los que se detectó co-infección con T. denticola y T. forsythia.

Micromolar sodium fluoride mediates anti-osteoclastogenesis in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Osteoclasts are bone-specific multinucleated cells generated by the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage precursors. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation is considered an effective therapeutic approach to the treatment of bone-lytic diseases. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by extensive bone resorption. In this study, we investigated the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on osteoclastogenesis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important colonizer of the oral cavity that has been implicated in periodontitis. NaF strongly inhibited the P. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss. That effect was accompanied by decreased levels of cathepsin K, interleukin (IL)-1β, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, which were up-regulated during P. gingivalis-induced osteoclastogenesis. Consistent with the in vivo anti-osteoclastogenic effect, NaF inhibited osteoclast formation caused by the differentiation factor RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The RANKL-stimulated induction of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1 was also abrogated by NaF. Taken together, our data demonstrate that NaF inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by reducing the induction of NFATc1, ultimately leading to the suppressed expression of cathepsin K and MMP9. The in vivo effect of NaF on the inhibition of P. gingivalis-induced osteoclastogenesis strengthens the potential usefulness of NaF for treating periodontal diseases.

Prevalencia de los genotipos fimA II y fimA IV de Porphyromonas gingivalis en un grupo de mujeres mexicanas con diabetes gestacional en la región centro de México / Prevalence of fimA II and fimA IV Porphyromonas gingivalis genotypes in a group of Mexican women with gestational diabetes in the central region of México

La diabetes gestacional (DG) es una de las complicaciones médicas que más frecuentemente afectan a las mujeres embarazadas; algunos autores reportan una prevalencia entre el 9,7 y el 13,9%. La DG puede ser causa de efectos adversos como: nacimiento pretérmino, macrosomia, nacimiento por cesárea, hiperbilirrubinemia, hipertensión gestacional, así como la predisposición de desarrollar posteriormente diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico. La literatura señala la asociación entre los microorganismos presentes en el biofilm subgingival, etiológicos de la inflamación de los tejidos de soporte dentarios y diabetes mellitus. Uno de estos microorganismos, Porphyromonas gingivalis, expresa, entre otros factores de virulencia, una proteína llamada fimbrilina, la cual presenta variaciones genotípicas relacionadas con su capacidad de inducción en la expresión de mediadores inflamatorios; los genotipos fimA II y fimA IV se consideran con mayor capacidad de virulencia y su presencia se ha asociado con la resistencia a la insulina. En este estudio analizamos la prevalencia de los genotipos fimA II y fimA IV en un grupo de mujeres mexicanas de la región central de México con DG, en mujeres con embarazo sin diabetes y mujeres sin embarazo y sin diabetes. Los resultados encontrados muestran una elevada presencia del genotipo fimA II en mujeres con DG (p < 0,05)

Gestational diabetes (GD) is one of the most common complications in pregnant women, with some authors reporting prevalence between 9.7% and 13.9%. GD can lead to the following adverse effects: preterm birth, macrosomia, cesarean birth, hyperbilirubinemia, gestational hypertension, and predisposition to later develop diabetes mellitus type 2 and metabolic syndrome. The literature shows an association between microorganisms in the subgingival biofilm, which produces inflammation of the dental support tissue, and diabetes mellitus. Porphyromonasgingivalis is one of these microorganisms, and among other virulence factors, it expresses a protein called fimbrilin which has genotypic variations related to its ability to induce expression of inflammatory mediators. Genotypes fimA II and fimA IV are considered to have a greater virulence and their presence has been associated with insulin resistance. An analysis is made on the prevalence of genotypes fimA II and fimA IV in a group of women in central region of Mexico with GD, pregnant women without diabetes, and non-pregnant women without diabetes. The results show an elevated presence of genotype fimA II in women with GD (P <.05)

Porphyromonas gingivalis infection enhanced the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe if Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection could enhance the adhesion of human monocytic cell line (THP-1) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PgATCC33277 was cultured in anaerobic jar, and THP-1 was infected with various concentrations of PgATCC33277 at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1: 100 for 8 and 24 hours, respectively. After removal of the free Pg, THP-1 cells were cocultured with HUVEC for 1 hour to observe the adhesion of THP-1 to HUVEC.HUVEC with adhesive THP-1 cells were co-cultured for additional 23 hours. The medium and cells were separately collected. The expression of related chemotactic cytokine[monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1) and interleukin 8(IL-8)] and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The adhesion of THP-1 to HUVEC was enhanced (13.8%-35.2%, P = 0.006) and the expression of ICAM-1 of HUVEC was increased from (132.5 ± 7.7) to (164.9 ± 9.1) ng/L (P = 0.005) after infection for 24 hours by Pg. Both of the secreted MCP-1 and IL-8 elevated after infection of Pg for 24 hours from (183.2 ± 3.1) to (221.0 ± 4.9) ng/L (P = 0.012) and from (587.2 ± 5.1) to (787.2 ± 10.3) ng/L (P = 0.002), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pg could enhance the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and stimulate the inflammation, suggesting that Pg infection may be one of the risk factors in promoting the development of atherosclerosis.</p>

Periodontopathogen profile of healthy and oral lichen planus patients with gingivitis or periodontitis / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is frequently detected in oral tissues. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence of the detection of periodontopathogenic microorganisms (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola in OLP patients and to compare with this prevalence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in healthy non-OLP patients. Our study included 27 (18 chronic periodontitis (OLPP) and 9 gingivitis (OLPG)) patients diagnosed with OLP along with 26 (13 chronic periodontitis (HP) and 13 gingivitis (HG)) healthy non-OLP patients. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with subsequent reverse hybridization method (micro-IDent) was used for identifying periodontopathogenic microorganisms present in subgingival plaque samples. The percentages of detection for A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola in subgingival plaque samples taken from OLP patients (OLPG and OLPP) were 18.5%, 85.1%, 81.4%, 88.8% and 74%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the non-OLP patients (HG and HP), these values were 7.6%, 50%, 46.1%, 73% and 57.7%, respectively. Thus, comparing the non-OLP groups with the OLP groups, the periodontopathogens' percentages of detection in the OLP groups were higher than those in the non-OLP groups. According to our study results, OLP patients have higher levels of infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola than non-OLP patients. We argue that the high percentages in patients with OLP may help identify the importance of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in the progress of periodontal diseases of OLP.

Vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscesses caused by Prevotella oralis: a case report

An interesting case of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis with multiple epidural abscesses caused by non-pigmented Prevotella oralis is reported. The patient was a 68-year-old female who presented to the emergency room (ER) with severe pain and tenderness in her lower back with fever. She had recently undergone esophagogastroduodensoscopy (EGD) for complaints of esophageal reflux, which showed submucosal cyst in the esophagus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thoracic spine revealed multiple spinal epidural abscesses with signal enhancement at the level of T6 and T7, suggestive of vertebral osteomyelitis. Two blood cultures drawn one hour apart grew Prevotella oralis. The body fluid aspirated from the abscesses was also positive for the anaerobic commensal P. oralis. Necrosis associated with the submucosal cyst was implicated as the cause of sepsis and osteomyelitis due to this organism.

Effect of longterm lower Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knocked out mice / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the effect of longterm and lower oral inoculation with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) on the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knocked out (ApoE(-/-)) mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six-week-old male ApoE(-/-) mice were inoculated orally with 0.1 ml live Pg(10(13)/L) or bouillon culture-medium quintic per week for 15 consecutive weeks, altogether 75 times of inoculations. The lesion area of atherosclerosis in the aortic tree was measured by en face quantification by red oil O staining method. The atherosclerotic lesion was examined by histopathology. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 22 weeks after inoculation, the mean atherosclerotic lesion area in inoculated mice was (98 363.68 ± 12 043.00) µm(2), which was significantly greater than that in noninoculated mice, which was (62 985.06 ± 7419.64) µm(2) (P = 0.035).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Longterm lower oral inoculation of Pg can accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knocked out mice.</p>

Periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis y su relación con la expresión de quorum sensing / Periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and its relation to quorum sensing expression

Los mecanismos de señalización bacteriana desempeñan un papel fundamental en el establecimiento y progresión de la enfermedad periodontal. Dadas estas circunstancias es crucial profundizar en el entendimiento de estos mecanismos para intentar proveer estrategias terapéuticas novedosas. El presente artículo de revisión, de carácter narrativo, tiene como objetivo conducir un análisis crítico de la evidencia disponible sobre la influencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) y expresión de quorum sensing (Qs) en enfermedad periodontal. Se realizó una búsqueda a través de bases de datos como Ovid (MEDLINE), ScienceDirect, Hinari. El conocimiento actual de estos mecanismos ofrece la posibilidad de desarrollar nuevos y profundos estudios (teóricos y experimentales) sobre la expresión del QS en pacientes con enfermedad periodontal y permitirá un novedoso campo de investigación con el que no se cuenta en la actualidad. Desde su descubrimiento, el QS se vislumbra como un espacio de investigación valioso en el cual se debe insistir de manera permanente. La anterior evidencia permite concluir que a través de la regulación de la expresión de determinados genes en bacterias como la PG, se puede efectuar la inhibición de la formación de las biopelículas que tiene efectos directos e indirectos sobre el desarrollo de la enfermedad periodontal(AU)

The bacterial signaling mechanisms play a key role in the establishment and progression of periodontal disease. Due to these circumstances it is crucial to deepen in the understanding of these mechanisms to try to provide novel therapeutic strategies. The objective of present narrative literature review was to make a critical analyze of the available evidence on the influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG) and the quorum sensing expression in periodontal disease. Using the Ovid (MEDLINE) ScienceDirect, Hinari database we made a search. The current knowledge of these mechanisms offers the possibility of developing new and deep studies (theoretical and experimental) on the QS expression in patients presenting with periodontal disease allowing a novel research field not currently available. From its discovery the QS is discerned as a valuable research space in which we must to insist in a permanent way. The above mentioned evidence allows concluding that by the regulation of the expression of determined genes in bacteria like PG, it is possible to carry out the inhibition in the formation of the biofilms with direct and indirect effects on the periodontal disease development(AU)

Determinants of periodontopathogens in microbiological monitoring of diabetic patients with periodontitis

To determine and analyze the frequency of periodontopathogens in microbiological monitoring of diabetic patients with periodontitis. This cross-sectional study included 352 diabetic patients with periodontitis who were registered at Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Naval Base Hospital, and Sultan Bin Adulaziz Humanitarian City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from July 2004 to August 2008. Microbiological analysis comprised the detection of Bacteroides forsythus [Bf], Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [Aa], Porphyromonas gingivalis [Pg], and Prevotella intermedia [Pi] by polymerase chain reaction method. The mean age of patients was 54.4 +/- 0.67 [range: 21-80 years]. There were 214 [61%] males and 138 [39%] females. Among the study population, 36 [10%] had type 1, and 316 [90%] patients had type 2 diabetes. The results showed that 55.6% of patients had Bf, 51.7% had Az, 63.7% had Pg, and 6.1% had Pi. The frequencies of periodontopathogens were higher in males than females in all age groups. The risk of periodontopathogens Bf were found higher level in 41-50 age group, Aa in 51-60, Pg in 51-60, and Pi in 31-40 age groups. This study found that the frequencies of periodontal pathogens Bf, Aa, and Pg were higher than Pi in diabetic patients with periodontitis

Community periodontal index of treatment needs index: An indicator of anaerobic periodontal infection.

Background : Community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) index is commonly used to measure periodontal disease. It's uniqueness, apart from assessing the periodontal status, also gives the treatment needs for the underlying condition. Benzoyl-DL-arginine napthylamide (BANA) test is a chair side diagnostic test used to detect the presence of putative periodontal pathogens. We correlated the CPITN scores of patients with BANA test results to assess the validity of CPITN as an indicator of anaerobic periodontal infection. Objectives : The present study was aimed to correlate the CPITN scores with the BANA activity of subgingival plaque. The objective was to assess the validity of CPITN index as indicator of anaerobic periodontal infection. Patients and Methods : A total of 80 sites were selected from 20 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. After measuring the probing depth with CPITN C probe, the highest score from each sextant was selected according to the CPITN criteria and subgingival plaque samples were collected using a sterile curette and the BANA test was performed. Results : Kendall's tau-b and Chi- square test were used to assess the correlation between the BANA test results and CPITN scores. Results indicated sensitivity (92.86%), specificity (80%) and agreement (91.25%); indicating the validity of CPITN in assessing anaerobic infection. Conclusion : There was a significant correlation between BANA test results and scores 3 and score 4 of CPITN index (P < 0.001) clearly indicating the presence of anaerobic periodontal infection.

Chest wall abscess due to Prevotella bivia / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Prevotella bivia is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. A 77-year-old man developed a rapidly growing chest wall abscess due to P. bivia within days. He underwent surgical resection of the infected area; his postoperative course was uneventful. This is the first case of chest wall abscess due to P. bivia infection. Its correct diagnosis cannot be underestimated because fulminant infections can occur in aged or immunocompromised patients if treated incorrectly. Prompt, appropriate surgical management, and antibiotic therapy affect treatment outcome.

Orbital abscess secondary to acute dacryocystitis: case report / Abscesso orbitário secundário à dacriocistite aguda: relato de caso

Acute dacryocystitis usually induces preseptal infection. In rare instances the infection that is confined to the lacrimal sac can extend to the orbital contents resulting in orbital cellulitis. We present a case of intraconal abscess secondary to acute dacryocystitis and review the literature of orbital cellulitis resulting from acute lacrimal sac infection.

A dacriocistite aguda comumente evolui para infecção pré-septal. Raramente a infecção localizada no saco lacrimal pode estender-se ao conteúdo orbitário resultando em celulite orbitária. Apresentamos um caso de abscesso orbitário intraconal secundário à dacriocistite aguda e uma revisão de literatura de celulite orbitária causada por infecção aguda do saco lacrimal.

Experimental study of Porphyromonas gingivalis on the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) on the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cell and to identify the role of Pg in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cell culture model of vascular endothelial cell treated by Pg was used in vitro. The cells' ability of proliferation was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, and cell cycle and the percentage of apoptosis with or without Pg invasion were examined by flow cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Invasion of Pg could inhibit the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells at 72 h (F = 786.68, P < 0.01), and induce apoptosis at 24 h (F = 1074.56, P < 0.01). In addition, the cell cycle was arrested at G1 phase by the invasion of Pg W83 at 24 h (F = 43.23, P < 0.01) and ATCC 33277 at 48 h (F = 66.72, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pg may aggregate the inflammation of the vascular endothelial cells through induction of apoptosis, which could be one of the pathologic mechanisms in atherosclerosis.</p>